T Cell Therapy for Cancer-Associated Metastases. Rev. Clin. 17 pp., 2020: Mackall, Crystal, Engineering and Detection
Crystal Mackall remembers her scepticism the first time she heard a talk about a way to engineer T cells to recognize and kill cancer. Sitting in the audience at a 1996 meeting in Germany, the paediatric oncologist turned to the person next to her and said: “No way. That is too crazy.
Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblock in CAR T cell therapy. Nat. Rev. Clin. 17 pp., 2020
T cells typically patrol the body, looking for foreign proteins displayed on the surface of cells. These cells can be either infections with aviruses or tumours that are making abnormal, cancer-associated proteins. A class of T cells called killer T Cells can destroy the abnormal cells.
Making a complex genetic circuit to help fight cancers: A study of the treatment of cancers using CAR T cells that can be powered on and off
The approach has been approved to treat some leukaemias, lymphomas and myelomas. But researchers have been pursuing ways to make the treatments safer and more effective, and to expand their use to other diseases.
In one of the new studies, Ahmad Khalil, a synthetic biologist at Boston University in Massachusetts, and his colleagues wired a complex system of 11 DNA sequences into CAR T cells. Researchers can use drugs that are already approved to control when and where the T cells are active, as well as the production of a cytokine called IL-2 which stimulates immune responses, with the resulting genetic circuits switched on and off.
T cells that can be turned on and off could help reduce T-cell exhaustion, a phenomenon in which T cells become inactive after a long period of stimulation. Some studies show that giving T cells a rest period can improve their effectiveness in the fight against tumours.
The challenge of making a drug from a person’s cells goes far beyond simple designs. Safety and manufacturing problems remain to be addressed for many of the newest candidates. “There’s an explosion of very fancy things, and I think that’s great,” says immunologist Michel Sadelain at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. The complexity can’t always be brought into a clinical setting.
T cell biology with CRISP: How we can control our own T cells, how we kill our targets, and what we can do to help us
There are no easy solutions for any of the problems. “We clearly have a long way to go,” says Mackall. We are now seeing promising signals.
The editing of T cells is one of the ways in whichCRISP has been used. Immunologist Alexander Marson at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California, and his colleagues used CRISPR to activate or suppress thousands of genes in T cells, and then looked at the effect the changes had on the production of crucial immune-regulating proteins called cytokines5. In another screen using CRISPR, the team found that reducing the activity of a protein called RASA2 enhanced the ability of CAR-T cells to kill their targets6. Marson says that lessons are being learned about the genes we can turn on and down to tune T cell behavior.
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Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05692-z
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