How bad are coral reefs in Kiribati? “It was like an impressionist painting,” says Palumbi of a time machine expedition

But in “super reefs” the coral appear to have evolved to be heat-resistant and remain home to lush aquatic ecosystems. “They’re diverse, they’re functional, they have a wide variety of corals and fish species throughout,” Palumbi said earlier this week at the Re:WIRED Green conference in San Francisco.

The first is, thankfully, half of the corals had not died, as was previously thought. While the temperature rose, there were still enough corals left to reproduce and replenish the reefs.

In the Atlantic Ocean almost half of corals are at risk of extinction, and the pillar coral is one of many that is in danger.

“We wanted to get into a time machine, go back hundreds of years and actually see a coral reef like they used to be everywhere, before we started exploiting them and polluting them and killing them all over the world,” Sala said.

During the expedition that Sala led in 2009, the goal was made possible. The team traveled to a corner of the ocean where there were virtually untouched reefs, to see if they held any clues to how damaged reef can be brought back to health.

“The bottom was covered by thriving coral. It was a crystal-clear, blue and turquoise water with schools of silver jacks. And then the corals, pastels, oranges and beiges — it was so beautiful. It was like an impressionist painting,” Sala said of the first time he saw those thriving reefs.

He presented his findings to the officials in Kiribati. The Kiribati government took steps to protect the waters from fishing and other human activity, but between 2015 and 2016, record levels of ocean warming decimated half the coral reefs the team had been studying.

After hearing that news, they lost hope for the health of coral reefs, thinking that the increase in temperature meant a certain doom. They went in for another dive last year after the study continued. Sala was about to find something and jumped in with no gears.

There is a ton of fish that is off the charts. Sala explained that in places such as the Caribbean, it’s impossible for corals to come back because they’re eating all the algae that will smother the skeletons.

Sala said that protecting oceans from being a source of food helps the system to be more resilient. In highly protected areas, the populations of fish grow so much that they spill over the boundaries of their areas and help replenish surrounding fishing grounds, in addition to allowing the ocean to capture and store more carbon to mitigate climate change.

The effects of human activity from climate change to pollution are “devastating” marine life, with nearly a tenth of underwater plants and animals assessed so far threatened with extinction, the latest Red List of Threatened Species showed on Friday.

The report’s release coincides with a UN summit on nature in Montreal where UN Chief Antonio Guterres has urged countries to end an “orgy of destruction” and pass a deal to halt and reverse habitat loss.

“Underwater, you can’t really see what’s going on. And so by assessing the status of the species it gives us a real indicator of what is really happening there, and it’s not good news.”

The portion of marine species that is facing extinction is likely much higher than is currently shown in the data due to widespread fish species not currently under threat.

In east Africa, the population of the dugong has fallen to less than 250 adult males, while in New Caledonia it has fallen to fewer than 900.

Among the threats they face are the loss of their main food source, seagrass, due to oil and gas exploration and production in the case of Mozambique and pollution from nickel mining in the Pacific.

In South Africa, poaching has “devastated” certain abalone populations, while pollution from agricultural and industrial run-off have “eliminated” other abalone in part of the Arabian Peninsula,” according to the IUCN in a news release.

“The awful status of these species should shock us and engage us for urgent action,” said Amanda Vincent, chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Marine Conservation Committee.

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